一(yi)、正確安裝(zhuang)的問題(ti)

　　使用(yong)顯微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)前，首先要(yao)(yao)把顯微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)目鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)和物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)安(an)(an)裝上(shang)去(qu)。目鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)安(an)(an)裝較為(wei)簡單，主要(yao)(yao)的(de)問題(ti)在于(yu)物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)安(an)(an)裝，由于(yu)物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)頭較貴重，萬一學生安(an)(an)裝時(shi)螺紋沒合(he)好，易摔(shuai)到(dao)地(di)上(shang)，造成鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)頭損壞，所以為(wei)了保險起見，強調學生在安(an)(an)裝物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)時(shi)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)左手食(shi)指和中指托(tuo)住物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)，然后用(yong)右(you)手將(jiang)物鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)裝上(shang)去(qu)，這樣即使沒安(an)(an)裝好，也不會摔(shuai)到(dao)地(di)上(shang)。

　　二、正確對光的問題

　　對(dui)(dui)光(guang)是(shi)使用(yong)(yong)(yong)顯(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)時(shi)(shi)很(hen)重要(yao)(yao)的(de)一(yi)步，有些學生(sheng)在(zai)對(dui)(dui)光(guang)時(shi)(shi)，隨便(bian)轉(zhuan)一(yi)個物(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)對(dui)(dui)著通(tong)光(guang)孔，而不(bu)是(shi)按要(yao)(yao)求一(yi)定用(yong)(yong)(yong)低(di)倍鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)對(dui)(dui)光(guang)。轉(zhuan)動反(fan)(fan)光(guang)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)時(shi)(shi)喜歡用(yong)(yong)(yong)一(yi)只手，往往將反(fan)(fan)光(guang)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)扳了下來(lai)。所以教師(shi)在(zai)指導學生(sheng)時(shi)(shi)，一(yi)定要(yao)(yao)強調用(yong)(yong)(yong)低(di)倍鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)對(dui)(dui)光(guang)，當(dang)光(guang)線較強時(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)小(xiao)光(guang)圈、平面鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)，而光(guang)線較弱時(shi)(shi)則用(yong)(yong)(yong)大光(guang)圈、凹面鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)，反(fan)(fan)光(guang)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)要(yao)(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)雙(shuang)手轉(zhuan)動，當(dang)看到(dao)均勻光(guang)亮的(de)圓(yuan)形視野為止。光(guang)對(dui)(dui)好(hao)后不(bu)要(yao)(yao)再隨便(bian)移動顯(xian)微(wei)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)，以免光(guang)線不(bu)能準(zhun)確地(di)通(tong)過反(fan)(fan)光(guang)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)進(jin)入(ru)通(tong)光(guang)孔。

　　三、正確(que)使用(yong)準焦螺(luo)旋的問(wen)題(ti)

　　使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)準(zhun)(zhun)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)螺(luo)(luo)旋(xuan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)距(ju)(ju)，找到(dao)(dao)(dao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)象可以(yi)說是(shi)顯微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)中(zhong)最重(zhong)(zhong)要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一步(bu)，也是(shi)學(xue)生(sheng)感覺最為(wei)困難的(de)(de)(de)(de)一步(bu)。學(xue)生(sheng)在操作(zuo)過程中(zhong)極易出現(xian)以(yi)下(xia)錯(cuo)誤:一是(shi)在高(gao)倍鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)下(xia)直接調(diao)(diao)(diao)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao);二(er)是(shi)不管鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)上(shang)(shang)(shang)升或(huo)下(xia)降，眼(yan)睛始終在往(wang)目鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)中(zhong)看(kan)(kan)視(shi)野;三是(shi)不了(le)解物(wu)(wu)(wu)距(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)臨界值，物(wu)(wu)(wu)距(ju)(ju)調(diao)(diao)(diao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)2~3厘米時(shi)(shi)(shi)還在往(wang)上(shang)(shang)(shang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)，而且轉動(dong)(dong)準(zhun)(zhun)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)螺(luo)(luo)旋(xuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)度很快(kuai)。前兩(liang)種(zhong)錯(cuo)誤結(jie)果(guo)(guo)往(wang)往(wang)造成(cheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)頭(tou)抵觸到(dao)(dao)(dao)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)片(pian)(pian)，損(sun)傷裝(zhuang)(zhuang)片(pian)(pian)或(huo)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)頭(tou)，而第(di)三種(zhong)錯(cuo)誤則(ze)是(shi)學(xue)生(sheng)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)顯微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)時(shi)(shi)(shi)最常見(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一種(zhong)現(xian)象。針對(dui)以(yi)上(shang)(shang)(shang)錯(cuo)誤，教師一定要(yao)向學(xue)生(sheng)強(qiang)調(diao)(diao)(diao)，調(diao)(diao)(diao)節焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)距(ju)(ju)一定要(yao)在低倍鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)下(xia)調(diao)(diao)(diao)，先轉動(dong)(dong)粗(cu)準(zhun)(zhun)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)螺(luo)(luo)旋(xuan)，使(shi)(shi)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)慢(man)慢(man)下(xia)降，物(wu)(wu)(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)靠近載玻(bo)片(pian)(pian)，但注意(yi)不要(yao)讓物(wu)(wu)(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)碰到(dao)(dao)(dao)載玻(bo)片(pian)(pian)，在這(zhe)個(ge)過程中(zhong)眼(yan)睛要(yao)從側面(mian)看(kan)(kan)物(wu)(wu)(wu)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)，然后用(yong)(yong)左眼(yan)朝目鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)內注視(shi)，并慢(man)慢(man)反向調(diao)(diao)(diao)節粗(cu)準(zhun)(zhun)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)螺(luo)(luo)旋(xuan)，使(shi)(shi)鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)筒(tong)徐(xu)(xu)徐(xu)(xu)上(shang)(shang)(shang)升，直當(dang)看(kan)(kan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)像為(wei)止，同時(shi)(shi)(shi)向學(xue)生(sheng)說明一般顯微鏡(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)距(ju)(ju)在1厘米左右，所以(yi)如(ru)果(guo)(guo)物(wu)(wu)(wu)距(ju)(ju)已遠超(chao)過1厘米，但仍未看(kan)(kan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)像，那可能是(shi)標(biao)本未在視(shi)野內或(huo)轉動(dong)(dong)粗(cu)準(zhun)(zhun)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)螺(luo)(luo)旋(xuan)速(su)(su)度過快(kuai)，此(ci)時(shi)(shi)(shi)應調(diao)(diao)(diao)整(zheng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)片(pian)(pian)位置，然后再重(zhong)(zhong)復上(shang)(shang)(shang)述步(bu)驟，當(dang)視(shi)野中(zhong)出現(xian)模糊的(de)(de)(de)(de)物(wu)(wu)(wu)像時(shi)(shi)(shi)，就要(yao)換用(yong)(yong)細準(zhun)(zhun)焦(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)螺(luo)(luo)旋(xuan)調(diao)(diao)(diao)節，只有這(zhe)樣，才能縮(suo)小尋(xun)找范圍，提(ti)高(gao)找到(dao)(dao)(dao)物(wu)(wu)(wu)像的(de)(de)(de)(de)速(su)(su)度。

　　四、物鏡轉(zhuan)換(huan)的問題(ti)

　　使(shi)用低倍鏡(jing)后(hou)換(huan)用高倍鏡(jing)，學(xue)生往往喜歡用手指直接(jie)推轉(zhuan)(zhuan)物鏡(jing)，認為這樣比(bi)較省(sheng)力，但這樣容易(yi)使(shi)物鏡(jing)的(de)光軸發生偏斜，原因是轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)器的(de)材(cai)料質地較軟，精(jing)度較高，螺紋(wen)受力不均勻很容易(yi)松脫(tuo)。一旦螺紋(wen)破壞(huai)，整個轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)器就會報(bao)廢。教師應(ying)指導學(xue)生手握(wo)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)器的(de)下層(ceng)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)動板轉(zhuan)(zhuan)換(huan)物鏡(jing)。

　　五(wu)、正(zheng)確(que)用眼的(de)問題

　　用顯微鏡(jing)(jing)觀(guan)察物體時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)雙(shuang)(shuang)眼(yan)(yan)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)睜開(kai)，左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)眼(yan)(yan)往目鏡(jing)(jing)內注(zhu)視。但有(you)不少學(xue)生往往做(zuo)不到(dao)(dao)這一(yi)(yi)點，喜(xi)歡用手(shou)捂住(zhu)右(you)(you)眼(yan)(yan)或干脆閉上(shang)右(you)(you)眼(yan)(yan)，這是不符(fu)合實驗的(de)觀(guan)察要(yao)求的(de)，這種(zhong)不良(liang)習(xi)慣會(hui)(hui)(hui)造成左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)眼(yan)(yan)疲勞，同(tong)時(shi)(shi)也不能做(zuo)到(dao)(dao)邊觀(guan)察邊畫圖(tu)。教師在指(zhi)出學(xue)生這一(yi)(yi)毛病的(de)同(tong)時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)具體示范(fan)，告訴學(xue)生左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)眼(yan)(yan)要(yao)盡量貼近目鏡(jing)(jing)，右(you)(you)眼(yan)(yan)試圖(tu)向視野(ye)內注(zhu)視，如(ru)此(ci)(ci)反復訓練，就會(hui)(hui)(hui)達到(dao)(dao)雙(shuang)(shuang)目同(tong)時(shi)(shi)睜開(kai)觀(guan)察的(de)要(yao)求。或者也可以通過做(zuo)以下練習(xi):睜開(kai)雙(shuang)(shuang)眼(yan)(yan)，用一(yi)(yi)張紙或手(shou)掌豎立在兩眼(yan)(yan)之間，鼻子跟前，使左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)右(you)(you)眼(yan)(yan)不能互看對(dui)側一(yi)(yi)邊，然后有(you)意識地先看左(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)邊，再看右(you)(you)邊，如(ru)此(ci)(ci)3~5次(ci)，每(mei)天早(zao)晚(wan)各做(zuo)一(yi)(yi)遍(bian)，不到(dao)(dao)一(yi)(yi)星期便可學(xue)會(hui)(hui)(hui)。

　　顯(xian)微(wei)鏡的使(shi)用(yong)或操作(zuo)錯誤，是生物(wu)實驗中普遍存(cun)在(zai)的現象，我們(men)只要認(ren)真地對待，有意識地去糾正它，克(ke)服它，熟練而正確(que)地使(shi)用(yong)顯(xian)微(wei)鏡是完(wan)全可以做的。

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